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How Did the Us Break Up the Oilgarchy and How Can We Do It Again

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Form of government with small ruling class

Not to be confused with oligopoly, although oligarchs can also exist oligopolists.

Oligarchy (from Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) 'dominion by few'; from ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few', and ἄρχω (arkho) 'to rule or to command')[1] [2] [three] is a course of power structure in which power rests with a small-scale number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by ane or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, educational activity, or corporate, religious, political, or military command.

Throughout history, oligarchies have often been tyrannical, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the utilise of the term as meaning dominion past the rich,[iv] for which another term commonly used today is plutocracy. In the early 20th century Robert Michels developed the theory that democracies, like all large organizations, tend to plow into oligarchies. In his "Fe constabulary of oligarchy" he suggests that the necessary division of labor in large organizations leads to the establishment of a ruling course more often than not concerned with protecting their ain power.

Minority rule [edit]

The exclusive consolidation of ability past a ascendant religious or ethnic minority has also been described every bit a grade of oligarchy.[five] Examples of this system include Southward Africa under apartheid, Liberia nether Americo-Liberians, the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and Rhodesia, where the installation of oligarchic rule by the descendants of strange settlers was primarily regarded as a legacy of diverse forms of colonialism.[5]

Putative oligarchies [edit]

A business group might be defined as an oligarchy if it satisfies all of the post-obit conditions:

  • Owners are the largest private owners in the land.
  • Information technology possesses sufficient political power to promote its own interests.
  • Owners command multiple businesses, which intensively coordinate their activities.[vi]

Intellectual oligarchies [edit]

George Bernard Shaw defined in his play Major Barbara, premiered in 1905 and first published in 1907, a new blazon of Oligarchy namely the intellectual oligarchy that acts confronting the interests of the common people: "I now want to give the mutual man weapons confronting the intellectual man. I love the common people. I want to arm them against the lawyer, the doctor, the priest, the literary man, the professor, the artist, and the pol, who, one time in authority, is the nearly dangerous, disastrous, and tyrannical of all the fools, rascals, and impostors. I desire a democratic ability potent plenty to forcefulness the intellectual oligarchy to use its genius for the general good or else perish."[7]

Cases perceived as oligarchies [edit]

Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page have described Republic of colombia, Republic of indonesia, Russia, Singapore, and the United States as oligarchies.[eight]

Russia [edit]

Since the collapse of the Soviet Marriage and privatization of the economy in December 1991, privately owned Russia-based multinational corporations, including producers of petroleum, natural gas, and metallic have, in the view of many analysts, led to the rise of Russian oligarchs.[ix] Nearly of these are connected direct to the highest-ranked authorities officials, such as the president.

Ukraine [edit]

The Ukrainian oligarchs are a group of business oligarchs that rapidly appeared on the economical and political scene of Ukraine after its independence in 1991. Overall there are 35 oligarchic groups.[vi]

United States [edit]

Some gimmicky authors have characterized atmospheric condition in the United States in the 21st century every bit oligarchic in nature.[11] [12] Simon Johnson wrote in 2009 that "the reemergence of an American fiscal oligarchy is quite contempo", a structure which he delineated as beingness the "well-nigh avant-garde" in the globe.[13] Jeffrey A. Winters wrote that "oligarchy and commonwealth operate within a single system, and American politics is a daily display of their interplay."[14] The top 1% of the U.Southward. population by wealth in 2007 had a larger share of total income than at any time since 1928.[fifteen] In 2011, co-ordinate to PolitiFact and others, the top 400 wealthiest Americans "take more wealth than half of all Americans combined."[16] [17] [18] [19]

In 1998, Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to mod American plutocrats as "The Donor Class"[20] [21] (list of elevation donors)[22] and defined the class, for the beginning fourth dimension,[23] as "a tiny grouping—just one-quarter of 1 per centum of the population—and it is not representative of the residual of the nation. But its money buys enough of access."[20]

French economist Thomas Piketty states in his 2013 volume, Capital in the Xx-Beginning Century, that "the hazard of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the U.s. is headed."[24]

A 2014 report by political scientists Martin Gilens of Princeton University and Benjamin Page of Northwestern University stated that "majorities of the American public actually accept fiddling influence over the policies our government adopts."[25] The written report analyzed nearly 1,800 policies enacted by the US government between 1981 and 2002 and compared them to the expressed preferences of the American public as opposed to wealthy Americans and large special involvement groups.[26] It found that wealthy individuals and organizations representing business organization interests have substantial political influence, while average citizens and mass-based involvement groups take little to none. The study did concede that "Americans practise savour many features key to autonomous governance, such equally regular elections, freedom of oral communication and Association, and a widespread (if still contested) franchise." Gilens and Page practice non characterize the Us every bit an "oligarchy" per se; even so, they do apply the concept of "civil oligarchy" as used by Jeffrey Winters with respect to the United states. Winters has posited a comparative theory of "oligarchy" in which the wealthiest citizens – even in a "ceremonious oligarchy" like the U.s.a. – boss policy apropos crucial issues of wealth- and income protection.[27]

Gilens says that average citizens just get what they want if wealthy Americans and business-oriented involvement groups besides want it; and that when a policy favored past the majority of the American public is implemented, it is usually because the economical elites did not oppose it.[28] Other studies take criticized the Page and Gilens written report.[29] [30] [31] [32] Page and Gilens have defended their study from criticism.[32]

In a 2015 interview, onetime President Jimmy Carter stated that the United States is now "an oligarchy with unlimited political bribery" due to the Citizens United 5. FEC ruling which effectively removed limits on donations to political candidates.[33] Wall Street spent a record $2 billion trying to influence the 2016 United States presidential ballot.[34] [35]

See also [edit]

  • Aristocracy
  • Dictatorship
  • Inverted totalitarianism
  • Iron police of oligarchy
  • Kleptocracy
  • Meritocracy
  • Military machine dictatorship
  • Minoritarianism
  • Nepotism
  • Netocracy
  • Oligopoly
  • Oligarchical collectivism
  • Parasitism
  • Plutocracy
  • Political family unit
  • Power behind the throne
  • Stratocracy
  • Synarchism
  • Theocracy
  • Timocracy

References [edit]

  1. ^ "ὀλίγος", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English language Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  2. ^ "ἄρχω", Liddell/Scott.
  3. ^ "ὀλιγαρχία". Liddell/Scott.
  4. ^ Winters (2011) p. 26-28. "Aristotle writes that 'oligarchy is when men of belongings have the regime in their hands... wherever men rule by reason of their wealth, whether they exist few or many, that is an oligarchy, and where the poor dominion, that is a democracy'."
  5. ^ a b Coleman, James; Rosberg, Carl (1966). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa . Los Angeles: University of California Printing. pp. 681–683. ISBN978-0520002531.
  6. ^ a b Chernenko, Demid (2018). "Capital construction and oligarch buying" (PDF). Economic Change and Restructuring. 52 (4): 383–411. doi:10.1007/S10644-018-9226-9. S2CID 56232563.
  7. ^ Shaw, Bernard und Baziyan, Vitaly. 2-in-1: English-German. Major Barbara & Major in Barbara. New York, 2020, ISBN 979-8692881076
  8. ^ Winters, Jeffrey; Page, Benjamin (Dec 2009). "Oligarchy in the United States?". Perspectives on Politics. 7 (04): 731–751. doi:10.1017/S1537592709991770. Retrieved 12 March 2022. the concept of oligarchy can exist fruitfully applied non only to places like Singapore, Colombia, Russia, and Republic of indonesia, but also to the contemporary United States.
  9. ^ Scheidel, Walter (2017). The Swell Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the 20-First Century. Princeton Academy Press. pp. 51 & 222–223. ISBN978-0691165028.
  10. ^ Joseph Keppler, Puck (Jan 23, 1889)
  11. ^ Kroll, Andy (2 December 2010). "The New American Oligarchy". TomDispatch. Truthout. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  12. ^ Starr, Paul (24 August 2012). "America on the Brink of Oligarchy". The New Republic.
  13. ^ Johnson, Simon (May 2009). "The Quiet Coup". The Atlantic . Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  14. ^ Winters, Jeffrey A. (November–December 2011) [28 September 2011]. "Oligarchy and Democracy". The American Involvement. 7 (2). Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  15. ^ "Tax Information Show Richest 1 Percentage Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Meridian. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Per centum Wiped Out". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 25 May 2011. Retrieved thirty May 2014.
  16. ^ Kertscher, Tom; Borowski, Greg (10 March 2011). "The Truth-O-Meter Says: True – Michael Moore says 400 Americans accept more wealth than half of all Americans combined". PolitiFact . Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  17. ^ Moore, Michael (half dozen March 2011). "America Is Not Broke". Huffington Post . Retrieved eleven Baronial 2013.
  18. ^ Moore, Michael (7 March 2011). "The Forbes 400 vs. Everybody Else". michaelmoore.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  19. ^ Pepitone, Julianne (22 September 2010). "Forbes 400: The super-rich get richer". CNN . Retrieved xi Baronial 2013.
  20. ^ a b Herbert, Bob (xix July 1998). "The Donor Class". The New York Times . Retrieved ten March 2016.
  21. ^ Confessore, Nicholas; Cohen, Sarah; Yourish, Karen (10 October 2015). "The Families Funding the 2016 Presidential Election". The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  22. ^ Lichtblau, Eric; Confessore, Nicholas (x October 2015). "From Fracking to Finance, a Torrent of Entrada Cash – Summit Donors Listing". The New York Times . Retrieved eleven March 2016.
  23. ^ McCutcheon, Chuck (26 December 2014). "Why the 'donor course' matters, especially in the GOP presidential scrum". "The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  24. ^ Piketty, Thomas (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Belknap Printing. ISBN 067443000X p. 514
  25. ^ Gilens, Martin & Page, Benjamin I. (2014). "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Boilerplate Citizens" (PDF). Perspectives on Politics. 12 (3): 564–581. doi:10.1017/S1537592714001595.
  26. ^ "Major Written report Finds The US Is An Oligarchy". businessinsider.com.
  27. ^ Gilens & Page (2014) p. 6
  28. ^ Prokop, A. (18 Apr 2014) "The new written report about oligarchy that'due south bravado up the Internet, explained" Vox
  29. ^ Bashir, Omar S. (1 October 2015). "Testing Inferences about American Politics: A Review of the "Oligarchy" Result". Research & Politics. 2 (four): 2053168015608896. doi:10.1177/2053168015608896. ISSN 2053-1680.
  30. ^ Enns, Peter K. (1 December 2015). "Relative Policy Support and Casual Representation". Perspectives on Politics. 13 (4): 1053–1064. doi:10.1017/S1537592715002315. ISSN 1541-0986. S2CID 14664012.
  31. ^ Enns, Peter K. (ane December 2015). "Reconsidering the Middle: A Reply to Martin Gilens". Perspectives on Politics. thirteen (4): 1072–1074. doi:10.1017/S1537592715002339. ISSN 1541-0986. S2CID 148467972.
  32. ^ a b Matthews, Dylan (9 May 2016). "Remember that study saying America is an oligarchy? 3 rebuttals say it's incorrect". Vox . Retrieved x November 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ Kreps, Daniel (31 July 2015). "Jimmy Carter: U.Due south. Is an 'Oligarchy With Unlimited Political Bribery'". Rolling Stone.
  34. ^ "Wall Street spends record $2bn on US election lobbying". Financial Times. eight March 2017.
  35. ^ "Wall Street Spent $2 Billion Trying to Influence the 2016 Election". Fortune. 8 March 2017.

Further reading [edit]

  • Aslund, Anders (2005), "Comparative Oligarchy: Russia, Ukraine and the U.s.", CASE Network Studies and Analyses No. 296 (PDF), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, doi:ten.2139/ssrn.1441910, S2CID 153769623
  • Gordon, Daniel (2010). "Hiring Constabulary Professors: Breaking the Back of an American Plutocratic Oligarchy". Widener Law Journal. nineteen: i–29. SSRN 1412783.
  • Hollingsworth, Marker; Lansley, Stewart (12 Baronial 2010). Londongrad: From Russia with Cash: The Within Story of the Oligarchs. 4th Estate. ISBN978-0007356379.
  • J. K. Moore, ed. (1986). Aristotle and Xenophon on republic and oligarchy. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-02909-5.
  • Ostwald, G. Oligarchia: The Development of a Constitutional Form in Ancient Greece (Historia Einzelschirften; 144). Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000 (ISBN 3-515-07680-8).
  • Ramseyer, J. Mark; Rosenbluth, Frances McCall (28 March 1998). The Politics of Oligarchy: Institutional Choice in Imperial Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521636490.
  • Tabachnick, David; Koivukoski, Toivu (xx Jan 2012). On Oligarchy: Aboriginal Lessons for Global Politics. University of Toronto Press. ISBN978-1442661165.
  • Whibley, Leonard (1896). Greek oligarchies, their character and organisations. M. P. Putnam's Sons.
  • Winters, Jeffrey A. (2011). Oligarchy. Northwestern Academy, Illinois: Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN978-1107005280.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Oligarchies at Wikimedia Commons

oateshounce1947.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy

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